Molybdenum deficiency is rare and typically only occurs in individuals with a genetic disorder called molybdenum cofactor deficiency. This disorder affects the body's ability to utilise molybdenum properly. For the general population, molybdenum is obtained through the diet, as it is present in trace amounts in many foods.

Foods rich in molybdenum include legumes, whole grains, leafy vegetables, nuts, and organ meats. Adequate intake of molybdenum, along with other essential nutrients, is important for overall health and proper functioning of enzymes involved in various biochemical processes in the body.

Molybdenum is not naturally found in its free elemental form; instead, it is typically encountered in association with other compounds, often bonded with carbon and lead. This mineral plays a crucial role in various biological processes and is an essential trace element for the health of both plants and animals.

Molybdenum is an essential trace element for human health, and it plays a crucial role in various biological processes. While it is not used directly as a medical treatment or therapy, molybdenum's presence and functions are important for maintaining health and preventing certain medical conditions. Here are some key medical applications and roles of molybdenum in the human body:

• Enzymatic Activity: Molybdenum is a cofactor for several enzymes, including sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase. These enzymes are involved in the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, purines, and certain drugs. Molybdenum helps these enzymes carry out their functions effectively.

• Detoxification: Molybdenum-containing enzymes are critical for the detoxification of various compounds, such as sulfites, which are produced during the breakdown of sulfur-containing amino acids in the body. Sulfites can be harmful if they accumulate in excess, and molybdenum helps convert them into less toxic compounds.

• Preventing Sulfite Sensitivity: Molybdenum is indirectly involved in preventing sulfite sensitivity or intolerance. Individuals who lack a sufficient dietary intake of molybdenum may be more susceptible to adverse reactions to sulfites present in foods and beverages.

• Gout Prevention: Molybdenum plays a role in the metabolism of purines. Elevated levels of purines can contribute to the formation of uric acid, a factor in gout. Molybdenum-containing enzymes help regulate purine metabolism, potentially reducing the risk of gout.

• Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency: A rare genetic disorder known as molybdenum cofactor deficiency can lead to severe neurological and developmental abnormalities. Treatment for this condition may include molybdenum supplementation, along with other interventions.

Molybdenum has various applications across several industries due to its unique properties. Some of the primary applications of molybdenum include:

• Steel and Alloy Production: Molybdenum is commonly used as an alloying element in steel to improve its strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion and high temperatures. Stainless steel, tool steel, and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel often contain molybdenum.

• Aerospace and Defence: Molybdenum alloys are used in aircraft and missile components, as they provide excellent high-temperature strength, thermal conductivity, and resistance to corrosion.

• Electronics and Electrical Contacts: Molybdenum is used in the manufacture of electrical contacts and filaments for lamps and electronic devices due to its high electrical conductivity and resistance to arcing.

• Glass and Ceramics Industry: Molybdenum is used as a material for glass-melting electrodes and supports in the glass and ceramics industry. It helps maintain consistent high temperatures in glass furnaces.

• Heating Elements: Molybdenum-based heating elements are used in high-temperature furnaces, heating elements for electrical furnaces, and other heating applications.

• Filaments for Light Bulbs: Molybdenum wire is used as a filament in incandescent and halogen lamps due to its ability to withstand high temperatures and its longevity.

• Chemical and Petrochemical Processing: Molybdenum is used in various chemical and petrochemical applications, such as catalysts, gaskets, and seals, where resistance to corrosion and high-temperature environments is crucial.

• Medical Devices: Molybdenum is used in certain medical devices, including orthopedic implants and surgical instruments, due to its biocompatibility and resistance to corrosion.

• Aviation and Aerospace: Molybdenum is used in aviation and aerospace applications, such as rocket nozzles and aircraft parts, where high-temperature stability and strength are required.

• Coatings and Thin Films: Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is used as a solid lubricant and anti-friction coating in various mechanical and aerospace applications.

• Nuclear Industry: Molybdenum is used in nuclear reactors and as a component in fuel rods due to its ability to withstand high neutron flux and high-temperature environments.

• Automotive Industry: Molybdenum-containing alloys are used in engine components, such as pistons, valves, and exhaust systems, to improve durability and performance.

• Solar Energy: Molybdenum is used as a back contact material in thin-film solar cells, contributing to the conversion of sunlight into electricity.

• Filtration: Molybdenum is used in the production of filters for the removal of impurities in industries such as metallurgy and chemicals.

• Aerospace Propulsion: Molybdenum-based alloys are used in the production of rocket engines and gas turbine components for their high-temperature and corrosion resistance properties.

These applications highlight the importance of molybdenum in various industrial sectors, where its unique combination of properties, including high melting point, excellent mechanical strength, and resistance to corrosion, is highly valued.