OVERACTIVE THYROID

An overactive thyroid, also known as hyperthyroidism, can manifest with various symptoms. Common symptoms of an overactive thyroid include:

• Agitation: Individuals with hyperthyroidism may feel unusually agitated or anxious.

• Weakness: Muscle weakness and reduced performance in physical activities can occur.

• Increased Sensation of Heat: People with hyperthyroidism often have an increased sensitivity to heat and may feel excessively warm.

• Trouble Sleeping: Insomnia or difficulty falling asleep can be a symptom of hyperthyroidism.

• Nervousness: Excessive nervousness and restlessness are common.

• Shaking: Tremors or shakiness in the hands and other parts of the body can occur.

• Acceleration of Heartbeat: Hyperthyroidism can lead to a rapid heartbeat or palpitations.

• Diarrhoea: Digestive symptoms such as frequent diarrhoea may be present.

• Underweight: Unintended weight loss or being underweight is a common symptom.

• Mood Changes: Changes in mood, including irritability or mood swings, may be observed.

• Goitre: An enlarged thyroid gland, known as a goitre, can cause swelling in the neck and may be visible or palpable.

There are a few different types of this disease such as: 

• Graves' Disease: Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and occurs when the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more thyroid hormones. It is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and can lead to an enlarged thyroid (goitre).

• Toxic Multinodular Goitre (Plummer's Disease): This type of hyperthyroidism is characterised by the presence of multiple benign thyroid nodules that produce excessive thyroid hormones independently of the body's normal regulatory mechanisms.

• Toxic Adenoma: A toxic adenoma is a benign thyroid nodule that becomes overactive and produces excess thyroid hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism.

• Subacute Thyroiditis: Subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland that can cause temporary hyperthyroidism. It is often preceded by a viral infection and is typically self-limiting.

• Postpartum Thyroiditis: This is a type of thyroid inflammation that occurs after childbirth. It can first present as hyperthyroidism, followed by a hypothyroid phase, and may eventually return to normal thyroid function in some cases.

• Excessive Iodine Intake: Consuming too much iodine, either through diet or medical treatments, can cause the thyroid gland to produce an excess of thyroid hormones, leading to temporary hyperthyroidism.

• Thyroid Hormone Resistance: In some rare cases, individuals may have a genetic condition called thyroid hormone resistance, in which the body's tissues do not respond properly to thyroid hormones. As a result, the pituitary gland continues to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), leading to increased thyroid hormone production.

An overactive thyroid, or hyperthyroidism, can have various underlying causes. Common causes of an overactive thyroid include:

• Graves' Disease: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excessive thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.

• Thyroid Nodules: Sometimes, noncancerous growths or nodules can develop on the thyroid gland. These nodules may produce thyroid hormones independently, leading to excess hormone production and hyperthyroidism.

• Thyroiditis: Thyroiditis refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland. There are different types of thyroiditis, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which can initially cause an overactive thyroid phase before progressing to hypothyroidism. Subacute thyroiditis is another type that can lead to temporary hyperthyroidism.

• Excess Iodine: Consuming too much iodine, whether through dietary sources or medications, can disrupt the balance of thyroid hormones and result in hyperthyroidism. This is less common in regions with adequate dietary iodine.

• Certain Medications: Some medications, such as amiodarone (used for heart arrhythmias), interferon-alpha (used for hepatitis and other conditions), and lithium (used for bipolar disorder), can interfere with thyroid function and lead to hyperthyroidism as a side effect.

Treatment options for overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) aim to normalise thyroid hormone levels and manage symptoms. Here are some common medical treatments and medications for hyperthyroidism:

• Propylthiouracil (PTU): PTU is an antithyroid drug that inhibits the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland.

• Methimazole (MMI): Methimazole is another antithyroid medication that works by reducing the production of thyroid hormones.

• Carbimazole: Similar to methimazole, carbimazole is used in some countries for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

• Beta-Blockers: Beta-blockers such as atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, and others are prescribed to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism. They can help alleviate symptoms like rapid heartbeat, tremors, and anxiety.

• Radioactive Iodine (Radioiodine) Therapy: Radioactive iodine treatment involves the oral ingestion of radioactive iodine-131. This radioactive substance is selectively taken up by the overactive thyroid gland, gradually reducing its activity. This treatment is often considered when antithyroid medications aren't effective or for long-term management.

• Thyroidectomy (Surgical Removal of the Thyroid Gland): In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove all or part of the thyroid gland. This is typically considered when other treatments are not suitable or when a rapid reduction in thyroid hormone levels is needed.

Natural treatment options can complement conventional therapies for hyperthyroidism and promote overall well-being. Here are some natural approaches that may be considered:

• Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity can help improve overall health and may support thyroid function. Activities like yoga, tai chi, and low-impact exercises can be particularly beneficial for managing stress and promoting relaxation.

• Herbal Supplements: Some herbal supplements, such as bugleweed and lemon balm, are believed to have mild antithyroid properties and may help regulate thyroid function. 

• Diet: A well-balanced diet can support thyroid health. Focus on including foods rich in essential nutrients, such as iodine, selenium, and zinc. Foods like seaweed, Brazil nuts, and whole grains can be beneficial. Additionally, some people with hyperthyroidism may benefit from reducing their intake of iodine-rich foods.

• Essential Oils: Aromatherapy with essential oils like lavender and chamomile may help manage stress and promote relaxation. A few drops of these oils in a diffuser or added to a bath can create a calming atmosphere.

• Remove Trigger Foods: Identify and eliminate potential trigger foods that may exacerbate hyperthyroidism symptoms. Some individuals find relief by avoiding caffeine, spicy foods, and excessive iodine in their diet.

• Stress Management: Chronic stress can contribute to thyroid dysfunction. Techniques such as mindfulness meditation, deep breathing exercises, and progressive muscle relaxation can help manage stress levels.

• Adequate Sleep: Prioritise good sleep hygiene practices to ensure you get enough rest. Quality sleep is essential for overall health and well-being.