INTESTINAL COLITIS

The symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as intestinal colitis, can vary from person to person and may include:

• Abdominal Pain: Crampy, persistent abdominal pain, often in the lower abdomen, is a common symptom.

• Diarrhoea: Frequent, loose, and sometimes bloody stools are a hallmark of IBD.

• Bloody Stools: The presence of blood in stools can be a concerning sign of inflammation in the digestive tract.

• Urgency to Have a Bowel Movement: People with IBD may experience a sudden and strong urge to have a bowel movement.

• Fever: Fever may occur during active flare-ups of the condition.

• Fatigue: Chronic inflammation and the body's efforts to heal can lead to fatigue.

• Weight Loss: Ongoing diarrhoea, reduced appetite, and malabsorption of nutrients can result in unintentional weight loss.

• Malnutrition: Nutrient deficiencies can develop due to malabsorption or reduced intake of food.

• Joint Pain: Some individuals with IBD may experience joint pain or swelling.

• Skin Problems: Skin issues, such as rashes or ulcers, can occur as a result of IBD.

• Eye Inflammation: Inflammation of the eyes, known as uveitis, can be associated with IBD.

• Mouth Sores: Some people may develop mouth sores or ulcers.

Common types of intestinal colitis are:  

• Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that primarily affects the colon and rectum. It is characterised by periods of remission and flare-ups, during which inflammation and ulcers may develop in the lining of the colon. Proctosigmoiditis, left-sided colitis, and pancolitis are three subtypes of ulcerative colitis. These subtypes refer to the extent of the inflammation within the colon and are distinguished based on the specific regions involved.

• Crohn's Disease: Crohn's disease is another chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. In the colon, it can cause inflammation and ulceration like ulcerative colitis. 

• Infectious Colitis: Infectious colitis is caused by infections, typically due to bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Common causes include bacterial gastroenteritis (e.g., caused by E. coli or Salmonella) and viral gastroenteritis (e.g., caused by norovirus). 

• Ischemic Colitis: Ischemic colitis results from reduced blood flow to the colon, often due to blocked blood vessels. It is more common in older adults and those with cardiovascular diseases. 

• Microscopic Colitis: Microscopic colitis is characterised by chronic inflammation of the colon visible only under a microscope. It includes two subtypes: collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. 

• Allergic Colitis: Allergic colitis is most common in infants and young children. It is typically associated with an allergic reaction to proteins in breast milk or formula. 

• Ischemic Colitis: Ischemic colitis results from reduced blood flow to the colon, often due to blocked blood vessels. It is more common in older adults and those with cardiovascular diseases. 

• Radiation Colitis: Radiation colitis can occur as a side effect of radiation therapy for cancers in the pelvic region. It can cause inflammation and scarring in the colon, leading to symptoms like diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, and rectal bleeding.

The exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including conditions like intestinal colitis, is not fully understood. However, research suggests that IBD likely results from a combination of factors, including:

• Immune System Dysfunction: It is believed that an abnormal immune response plays a significant role in the development of IBD. The immune system may mistakenly attack the lining of the digestive tract, leading to inflammation.

• Genetics: Family history plays a role in the risk of developing IBD. Individuals with close relatives (such as parents or siblings) who have IBD are at a higher risk.

• Environmental Factors: Environmental factors may contribute to the development or exacerbation of IBD. These factors could include infections, exposure to certain toxins, or dietary factors.

• Dysbiosis: Changes in the gut microbiome (the community of microorganisms in the digestive tract) may also be linked to IBD. An imbalance in the gut microbiota can contribute to inflammation.

• Diet: While diet alone is not considered a primary cause of IBD, it can play a role in triggering or exacerbating symptoms. Certain dietary patterns may contribute to inflammation in susceptible individuals.

• Stress: High levels of stress may worsen symptoms in some people with IBD, although it is not considered a primary cause.

The management of IBD, including intestinal colitis, typically involves a different set of medications and treatments. Common medications used in the treatment of IBD include:

• Aminosalicylates: These drugs, such as mesalamine and sulfasalazine, help reduce inflammation in the digestive tract and are often used for mild to moderate cases of IBD.

• Corticosteroids: Short-term use of corticosteroids like prednisone can help reduce inflammation during flare-ups of IBD.

• Immunosuppressants: Medications like azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), and methotrexate are used to suppress the immune system's abnormal response in IBD.

• Biologics: Biologic therapies like infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab, and ustekinumab target specific proteins involved in the inflammatory process and are used for moderate to severe IBD.

• Antibiotics: Antibiotics like metronidazole and ciprofloxacin may be used in cases of infection or when there's a specific need to target bacteria in the gut.

• Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) may help manage pain associated with IBD, but nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen should be avoided due to their potential to worsen inflammation.

• Dietary Supplements: In some cases, dietary supplements may be recommended to address nutritional deficiencies that can occur in IBD. Common supplements include vitamin D, calcium, iron, and B vitamins.

Natural treatments and lifestyle modifications can complement medical treatment for intestinal colitis (inflammatory bowel disease or IBD). Here are some natural approaches that may help manage the condition:

• Dietary Modifications: An anti-inflammatory diet can play a significant role in managing intestinal colitis. Consider the following dietary changes:
• Increase your intake of fruits and vegetables, especially those rich in antioxidants.
• Consume foods high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish (e.g., salmon, mackerel), flaxseeds, and walnuts.
• Avoid trigger foods that worsen your symptoms, which can vary from person to person. Common triggers include dairy, gluten, spicy foods, and high-fibre foods.
• Consider a low-residue diet during flare-ups to reduce irritation of the intestines.

• Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity can help reduce stress and promote overall well-being. It may also help with symptom management and improve digestion.

• Stress Management: Chronic stress can exacerbate intestinal colitis symptoms. Incorporate stress-reduction techniques into your daily routine, such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, or mindfulness practices.

• Probiotics: Some people with IBD find relief by taking probiotics, which can help balance the gut microbiome. Consult your healthcare provider before starting any new supplements.

• Acupuncture: Acupuncture is an alternative therapy that some individuals find helpful for managing IBD symptoms, including pain and inflammation. Consult a qualified acupuncture practitioner for guidance.

• Yoga: Yoga can improve flexibility, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. Certain yoga poses and breathing exercises may be particularly beneficial for individuals with IBD.

• Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration is essential for individuals with intestinal colitis, as diarrhoea can lead to fluid loss. Drink plenty of water and consider oral rehydration solutions as needed.

• Adequate Sleep: Ensure you get enough quality sleep, as sleep disturbances can affect IBD symptoms. Establish a consistent sleep routine and create a comfortable sleep environment.

• Herbal Remedies: Some herbal remedies, such as aloe vera, slippery elm, and turmeric, are believed to have anti-inflammatory properties that may help manage IBD symptoms. Discuss their use with a healthcare provider before trying them.